| get | file statement |
| Syntax | A getStatement is:
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| Description | The get statement inputs each of the getItems. Ordinarily, the output comes from the keyboard. However, if the streamNumber is present, the input comes from the file specified by the stream number (see the open statement for details). Also, input can be redirected so it is taken from a file rather than the keyboard. Check the documentation on the environment for instructions on doing so. The syntax of a getItem is one of:
(a) variableReference
(b) skip
(c) variableReference : *
(d) variableReference : widthExpn
These items are used to support three kinds of input:(1) token and character oriented input: supported by forms (a) and (b), (2) line oriented input: supported by form (c), and (3) character oriented input: supported by form (d). Examples of these will be given, followed by detailed explanations.
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| Example | Token-oriented input.
var name, title : string
var weight : real
get name % If input is Alice, it is input into name
get title % If input is "A lady", A lady is input
var weight % If input is 9.62, it is input into weight
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| Example | Line-oriented input.
var query : string
get query : * % Entire line is input into query
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| Example | Character-oriented input.
var code : string
get code : 2 % Next 2 characters are input into code.
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| Details | A token is a sequence of characters surrounded by white space, where white space is defined as the characters: blank, tab, form feed, new line, and carriage return as well as end-of-file. The sequence of characters making up the token are either all non-white space or else the token must be a quoted string (an explicit string constant). When the variableReference in form (a) is a string, integer, real, intn, natn, or realn. Turing skips white space, reads a token into the variableReference, and then skips white space (stopping at the beginning of the next line). If the variableReference is a string, the token is assigned to the variable (if the token is quoted, the quotation marks are first removed). See the examples involving name and title above. If the variableReference is an integer or a real, the token is converted to be numeric before being assigned to the variable. See the example involving weight above. When the input is coming from the keyboard, no input is done until Return is typed. The line that is input may contain more than one token. Any tokens that are not input by one get statement will remain to be input by the next get statement. Turing has been modified so that token-oriented input now also skips white space following the token, but does not skip beyond the beginning of the next line. This change implies that form (b) is usually not needed, as skip was used to skip white space after the token. Form (a) supports char and char(n). If the type is char, exactly one character is read, with no skipping of white space before or after. This character may be, for example, a blank or a carriage return. If the type is char(n), exactly n characters are read, with no skipping of white space.
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| Example | Inputting char and char(n) types using form (a). The statement get c:1 is not legal, because length specification is not allowed with character variables.
var c : char
var d : char ( 3 )
get c % Read one character.
get d % Read three characters
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| Details | Form (a) supports enumerated types. If the type is an enumerated type, then the token read in must be one of the elements of the enumerated type.
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| Example | Inputting an enumerated type using form (a). The statement get c:1 is not legal, because length specification is not allowed with enumerated variables.
type colors : enum (red, blue, green)
var c : colors
get c % Read one of red, green or blue
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| Details | Form (a) supports boolean. If the type is an boolean type, then the token read in must be one of "true" or "false"
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| Example | Inputting a boolean type using form (a). The statement get c:1 is not legal, because length specification is not allowed with boolean variable.
var tf : boolean
get tf % Read one of true or false
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| Details | In form (b) of getItem, skip causes white space in the input to be skipped until non-white space (a token) or the end-of-file is reached. This is used when the program needs to determine if there are more tokens to be input. To determine if there are more tokens to be read, the program should first skip over any possible white space (such as a final new line character) and then test to see if eof (end-of-file) is true. This is illustrated in this example:
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| Example | Using token-oriented input, input and then output all tokens. This example gives what used to be the standard way of reading tokens up to end of file. With the new meaning of form (a) for reading tokens, the get skip line can be omitted. This omission is possible because the line get word now automatically skips white space following the input value, up to the beginning of the next line.
var word : string
loop
get skip % Skip over any white space
exit when eof % Are there more characters?
get word % Input next token
put word % Output the token
end loop
In the above and the next example, if the input has been redirected so that it is from a file, eof becomes true exactly when there are no more characters to be read. If the input is coming from the keyboard, you can signal eof by typing control-Z (on a PC) or control-D (on UNIX).
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| Details | In form (c) of getItem, the variableReference is followed by :* which implies line-oriented input. This form causes the entire line (or the remainder of the current line) to be read. In this case the variable must be a string (not an integer or real). The new line character at the end of the line is discarded. It is an error to try to read another line when you are already at the end of the file. The following example shows how to use line-oriented input to read all lines in the input.
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| Example | Using line-oriented input, input and then output all lines.
var line : string
loop
exit when eof % Are there more characters?
get line : * % Read entire line
put line
end loop
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| Details | In form (d) of getItem, the variableReference is followed by
: widthExpnwhich specifies character-oriented input. This form causes the specified number (widthExpn) of characters to be input (or all of the remaining characters if not enough are left). If no characters remain, the null string is read and no warning is given. In this form, the new line character is actually input into the variableReference (this differs from line-oriented input which discards new line characters). The following example shows how to use character-oriented input to read each character of the input. Form (d) can be used with string and char(n) variables, but not with char, int or any other type.
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| Example | Using character-oriented input, input and then output all characters.
var ch : string ( 1 )
loop
exit when eof % Are there more characters?
get ch : 1 % Read one character
put ch .. % Output the character, which
% may be a new line character
end loop
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| Example | Using character-oriented input, input two characters.
var d : char ( 3 ) := 'abc'
get d : 2 % Read two character (replace 'ab')
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| See also | read statement, which provides binary file input.
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